Core Switch, Router, and NVMe Storage PCB Solutions

Against the backdrop of continuous upgrades to data centers and high-performance network infrastructure, core switches, routers, and NVMe storage devices are jointly driving the evolution of high-speed interconnect architectures towards higher bandwidth and lower latency. The PCBs of these devices are no longer just traditional signal bearer boards, but core physical platforms carrying 112G or even 224G PAM4 high-speed signals, requiring them to maintain signal integrity and system stability under extremely high frequency environments. Simultaneously, the explosive growth of data traffic has made long-distance link transmission, increased port density, and multi-channel concurrency the norm, placing more stringent demands on PCB layer stack-up structures, material selection, and process control. Breaking down the layer structure, key processes, and high-speed signal challenges helps to more systematically understand the design logic and technical priorities of PCBs for this type of high-end network equipment.

Application Scenarios Concentrated in Core Network and High-Speed ​Storage Systems

In modern data center architectures, these devices undertake critical data exchange and storage tasks.

• Core switches and routers are responsible for large-scale data forwarding and network scheduling, placing extremely high demands on the high-speed backplane capabilities of their PCBs.

• NVMe storage systems emphasize low latency and high throughput access capabilities, requiring PCBs to support multi-channel high-speed storage protocols.

The increasing speed of applications necessitates PCB designs focused on maximizing bandwidth and stable transmission capabilities.

Layer counts are concentrated in high-density designs ranging from 12 to 24 layers

Structural design must balance high-speed signal and power integrity.

• PCBs typically employ a 12-24 layer stack-up structure to support complex high-speed signal channels and multi-power distribution networks.

• High-layer design helps isolate signal and power layers, improving overall interference immunity.

This stack-up structure provides a stable physical foundation for high-speed links.

Back-drilling has become a crucial means of improving high-speed signal quality

Structural interference needs to be effectively controlled during high-speed signal transmission.

• Back-drilling reduces via studs, mitigating signal reflection and high-frequency loss.

• In 112G/224G PAM4 environments, back-drilling becomes a critical process for ensuring eye diagram quality.

This process significantly improves the stability and consistency of high-speed links.

112G/224G PAM4 and Crosstalk Suppression: Core Design Challenges

In ultra-high-speed signal environments, signal integrity becomes a critical constraint.

• PAM4 modulated signals are highly susceptible to noise and loss at 112G and 224G rates, requiring extremely high precision in routing.

• Multi-channel parallel transmission easily generates crosstalk, necessitating strict control over trace spacing and reference plane design.

Signal control capabilities in high-speed environments directly determine the upper limit of system performance.

Long-Link Loss Control: A Crucial Guarantee for Stable System Operation

In large-scale data center interconnects, signal transmission distances increase significantly.

• Long-link transmission leads to higher insertion loss, requiring compensation through low-loss materials and optimized cabling structures.

• Simultaneously, equalization and signal compensation designs are needed to maintain end-to-end signal quality.

Loss control capabilities determine the system’s reliability under high-load scenarios.

Comparison Table of Key Technologies for Core Switches / Routers / NVMe Storage PCBs

Dimension	Core switch/router PCB	NVMe storage PCB	Technical Focus
Application Positioning	High-speed network forwarding and interconnection	High-speed storage access	Bandwidth and delay control
Layer Structure	16–24 floors	Layers 12–20	Signal and power separation
High-Speed ​​Signals	112G/224G PAM4	PCIe/NVMe high-speed channels	Signal integrity
Process Requirements	Backplane design + back-drilling process	High-density, high-speed cabling	Reflection and loss control
Crosstalk Control	Multi-port parallel transmission	Multi-channel storage access	EMI and crosstalk suppression
Long-Link Performance	Long-distance transmission in data centers	Internal interconnects of storage arrays	Insertion loss optimization

The PCB design of core switches, routers, and NVMe storage devices is continuously evolving towards ultra-high speed, high density, and high reliability. The core challenges lie in 112G/224G PAM4 signal processing capabilities and stable transmission control in long-link environments. As data centers expand and network bandwidth continues to increase, PCBs not only need to support more complex wiring structures but also require multi-dimensional optimization in materials, processes, and electrical design. A systematic analysis of layer structure, key processes, and high-speed signal challenges provides a clearer understanding of the core value of this type of PCB in modern network and storage systems, and offers a clear reference direction for subsequent high-end interconnect designs.